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and that brought about by God

  • 1 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 2 bring

    bring [brɪŋ]
    amener ⇒ (a), (b), (d), (e) apporter ⇒ (a) provoquer ⇒ (c) rapporter ⇒ (g)
    (pt & pp brought [brɔ:t]) transitive verb
    (a) (take → animal, person, vehicle) amener; (→ object) apporter; (→ fashion, idea, product) introduire, lancer;
    ∎ I'll bring the books (across) tomorrow j'apporterai les livres demain;
    ∎ her father's bringing her home today son père la ramène à la maison aujourd'hui;
    ∎ what brings you here? qu'est-ce qui vous amène?;
    ∎ can you bring me a beer, please? vous pouvez m'apporter une bière, s'il vous plaît?;
    ∎ that brings the total to £350 cela fait 350 livres en tout;
    ∎ he brought his dog with him il a emmené son chien;
    ∎ did you bring anything with you? as-tu apporté quelque chose?;
    ∎ black musicians brought jazz to Europe les musiciens noirs ont introduit le jazz en Europe;
    ∎ this programme is brought to you by the BBC ce programme est diffusé par la BBC
    (b) (into specified state) entraîner, amener;
    ∎ to bring sth into play faire jouer qch;
    ∎ to bring sth into question mettre ou remettre qch en question;
    ∎ to bring sb to his/her senses ramener qn à la raison;
    ∎ to bring sth to an end or a close or a halt mettre fin à qch;
    ∎ to bring sth to sb's attention or knowledge or notice attirer l'attention de qn sur qch;
    ∎ to bring a child into the world mettre un enfant au monde;
    ∎ to bring sth to light mettre qch en lumière, révéler qch;
    ∎ to bring sth to mind rappeler qch;
    ∎ to bring sth onto the market introduire qch sur le marché
    (c) (produce) provoquer, causer;
    ∎ her performance brought wild applause son interprétation a provoqué un tonnerre d'applaudissements;
    ∎ to bring sth upon sb attirer qch sur qn;
    ∎ her foolhardiness brought misfortune upon the family son imprudence a attiré le malheur sur la famille;
    ∎ you've brought it on yourself vous l'avez cherché;
    ∎ you bring credit to the firm vous faites honneur à la société;
    ∎ it brings bad/good luck ça porte malheur/bonheur;
    ∎ he brought a sense of urgency to the project il a fait accélérer le projet;
    ∎ to bring new hope to sb redonner de l'espoir à qn;
    ∎ the story brought tears to my eyes l'histoire m'a fait venir les larmes aux yeux;
    ∎ his speech brought jeers from the audience son discours lui a valu les huées de l'assistance;
    ∎ money does not always bring happiness l'argent ne fait pas toujours le bonheur;
    ∎ the winter brought more wind and rain l'hiver a amené encore plus de vent et de pluie;
    ∎ tourism has brought prosperity to the area le tourisme a enrichi la région;
    ∎ who knows what the future will bring? qui sait ce que l'avenir nous/lui/ etc réserve?
    (d) (force) amener;
    ∎ she can't bring herself to speak about it elle n'arrive pas à en parler;
    ∎ her performance brought the audience to its feet les spectateurs se sont levés pour l'applaudir
    (e) (lead) mener, amener;
    ∎ the path brings you straight (out) into the village ce chemin vous mène (tout) droit au village;
    ∎ the shock brought him to the verge of a breakdown le choc l'a mené au bord de la dépression nerveuse;
    ∎ to bring sb into a conversation/discussion faire participer qn à une conversation/discussion;
    ∎ that brings us to the next question cela nous amène à la question suivante
    ∎ to bring an action or a suit against sb intenter un procès à ou contre qn;
    ∎ to bring a charge against sb porter une accusation contre qn;
    ∎ the case was brought before the court l'affaire a été déférée au tribunal;
    ∎ he was brought before the court il a comparu devant le tribunal;
    ∎ the murderer must be brought to justice l'assassin doit être traduit en justice;
    ∎ to bring evidence avancer ou présenter des preuves
    (g) (financially) rapporter;
    ∎ her painting only brings her a few thousand pounds a year ses peintures ne lui rapportent que quelques milliers de livres par an
    (a) (cause → changes, war) provoquer, amener, entraîner; (→ reconciliation) amener; (→ person's downfall) entraîner; (→ accident) provoquer, causer;
    ∎ what brought about his dismissal? pourquoi a-t-il été renvoyé exactement?, quel est le motif de son renvoi?
    (b) Nautical faire virer de bord
    (person) amener; (thing) apporter
    (memories, impressions) garder
    (a) (fetch → person) ramener; (→ thing) rapporter;
    ∎ no amount of crying will bring him back pleurer ne le ramènera pas à la vie;
    ∎ Law to bring a case back before the court ressaisir le tribunal d'un dossier
    (b) (restore) restaurer;
    ∎ the news brought a smile back to her face la nouvelle lui a rendu le sourire;
    ∎ they're bringing back miniskirts ils relancent la minijupe;
    ∎ to bring sb back to life ranimer qn
    (c) (evoke → memory) rappeler (à la mémoire);
    ∎ that brings it all back to me ça réveille tous mes souvenirs
    ∎ to bring sb by amener qn
    (a) (fetch → person) amener; (→ thing) descendre, apporter
    (b) (reduce → prices, temperature) faire baisser; (→ currency) déprécier, avilir; (→ birthrate, inflation, unemployment, swelling) réduire
    (c) (cause to land → kite) ramener (au sol); (→ plane) faire atterrir
    (d) (cause to fall → prey) descendre; (→ plane, enemy, tree) abattre;
    ∎ her performance brought the house down son interprétation lui a valu des applaudissements à tout rompre
    (e) Politics (overthrow) faire tomber, renverser
    (g) familiar (depress) déprimer□, donner le cafard à
    (h) literary (provoke → anger) attirer;
    ∎ to bring down the wrath of God on sb attirer la colère de Dieu sur qn;
    ∎ stop making so much noise or you'll bring the headmaster down on us ne fais pas tant de bruit, tu vas attirer l'attention du proviseur sur nous
    (a) (produce → fruit) produire; (→ child) mettre au monde; (→ animal) mettre bas
    (b) (elicit) provoquer
    (a) (present → person) faire avancer; (→ argument) avancer, présenter; Law (→ witness) produire; Law (→ evidence) avancer, présenter
    (b) (chair etc) avancer
    (c) Administration (move → date, meeting) avancer;
    ∎ the conference has been brought forward to the 28th la conférence a été avancée au 28
    (d) Accountancy reporter;
    ∎ brought forward reporté
    (a) (fetch in → person) faire entrer; (→ thing) rentrer;
    ∎ to bring in the harvest rentrer la moisson;
    ∎ they want to bring a new person in ils veulent prendre quelqu'un d'autre;
    ∎ we will have to bring in the police il faudra faire intervenir la ou faire appel à la police;
    ∎ to bring sb in for questioning emmener qn au poste de police pour l'interroger
    (b) (introduce → laws, system) introduire, présenter; (→ fashion) lancer;
    ∎ the government has brought in a new tax bill le gouvernement a présenté ou déposé un nouveau projet de loi fiscal;
    ∎ can I just bring in a new point? est-ce que je peux faire une autre remarque?
    (c) (yield, produce) rapporter;
    ∎ to bring in interest rapporter des intérêts;
    ∎ tourism brings in millions of dollars each year le tourisme rapporte des millions de dollars tous les ans;
    ∎ her work doesn't bring in much money son travail ne lui rapporte pas grand-chose
    (d) Law (verdict) rendre;
    ∎ they brought in a verdict of guilty ils l'ont déclaré coupable
    (a) British familiar (trick) réussir□ ; (plan) réaliser□ ; Commerce (deal) conclure□, mener à bien□ ;
    ∎ did you manage to bring it off? avez-vous réussi votre coup?
    (b) Sport (player) faire sortir
    (c) (person → from ship) débarquer;
    ∎ the injured men will be brought off by helicopter les blessés seront évacués en hélicoptère
    ∎ to bring sb off branler qn;
    ∎ to bring oneself off se branler
    (a) (induce) provoquer, causer;
    ∎ the shock brought on a heart attack le choc a provoqué une crise cardiaque;
    ∎ humorous what brought this on? (why are you offering to help?) qu'est-ce que tu me caches?
    (b) (encourage) encourager;
    ∎ the warm weather has really brought on the flowers la chaleur a bien fait pousser les fleurs;
    ∎ the idea is to bring on new tennis players il s'agit d'encourager de nouveaux tennismen
    (c) Theatre (person) amener sur scène; (thing) apporter sur scène;
    ∎ please bring on our next contestant faites entrer le concurrent suivant
    (d) Sport (substitute) faire entrer
    (a) (take out → person) faire sortir; (→ thing) sortir
    (b) Commerce (commercially → product, style) lancer; (→ record) sortir; (→ book) publier
    (c) (accentuate) souligner;
    ∎ that colour brings out the green in her eyes cette couleur met en valeur le vert de ses yeux;
    ∎ her performance brought out the character's comic side son interprétation a fait ressortir le côté comique du personnage;
    ∎ to bring out the best/worst in sb faire apparaître qn sous son meilleur/plus mauvais jour;
    ∎ humorous it brings out the beast in me cela réveille l'animal qui est en moi
    (d) British Medicine (in rash, spots)
    ∎ strawberries bring me out in spots les fraises me donnent des boutons
    (e) (encourage → person) encourager;
    ∎ he's very good at bringing people out (of themselves) il sait très bien s'y prendre pour mettre les gens à l'aise;
    ∎ the sun has brought out the roses le soleil a fait s'épanouir les roses
    (f) Industry (workers) appeler à la grève;
    ∎ they're threatening to bring everyone out (on strike) ils menacent d'appeler tout le monde à faire grève
    ∎ to bring out new shares émettre de nouvelles actions
    (take → person) amener; (→ thing) apporter
    (a) (take → person) amener; (→ thing) apporter;
    ∎ British figurative I brought the conversation round to marriage j'ai amené la conversation sur le mariage
    (b) (revive) ranimer
    (c) (persuade) convaincre, convertir;
    ∎ to bring sb round to a point of view convertir ou amener qn à un point de vue
    ∎ he brought the country through the depression il a réussi à faire sortir le pays de la dépression;
    ∎ the doctors brought me through my illness grâce aux médecins, j'ai survécu à ma maladie
    (a) (revive) ranimer
    (b) Nautical mettre en panne
    (a) (people) réunir; (facts) rassembler
    (b) (introduce) mettre en contact, faire se rencontrer;
    ∎ her brother brought them together son frère les a fait se rencontrer
    (c) (reconcile) réconcilier;
    ∎ Industry an arbitrator is trying to bring the two sides together un médiateur essaie de réconcilier les deux parties
    (a) (take → person) amener; (→ thing) monter
    (b) (child) élever;
    ∎ to be well/badly brought up être bien/mal élevé;
    ∎ I was brought up to be polite on m'a appris la politesse
    (c) (mention → fact, problem) signaler, mentionner; (→ question) soulever;
    ∎ don't bring that up again ne remettez pas cela sur le tapis;
    ∎ we won't bring it up again nous n'en reparlerons plus
    (d) (vomit) vomir, rendre
    ∎ to bring sb up before a judge citer ou faire comparaître qn devant un juge
    (f) (move forward → troops) faire avancer; (→ reinforcements, fresh supplies etc) faire venir
    ∎ to bring sb/sth up to professional standard élever qn/qch à un niveau professionnel

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > bring

  • 3 good

    ɡud
    1. comparative - better; adjective
    1) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) bueno; educado
    2) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) bueno, correcto
    3) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) bueno
    4) (skilful; able to do something well: a good doctor; good at tennis; good with children.) bueno, competente
    5) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) bueno, amable
    6) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) bueno; útil, beneficioso
    7) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) bueno, buen (humor), satisfecho, contento
    8) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) bueno, agradable
    9) (considerable; enough: a good salary; She talked a good deal of nonsense.) bueno, apropiado, adecuado, suficiente
    10) (suitable: a good man for the job.) bueno, apto, cualificado, adecuado
    11) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) bueno; sano; en buenas condiciones
    12) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) bueno
    13) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) bueno, positivo
    14) (thorough: a good clean.) bueno; profundo
    15) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) bien, sano, en forma

    2. noun
    1) (advantage or benefit: He worked for the good of the poor; for your own good; What's the good of a broken-down car?) bien, provecho, beneficio
    2) (goodness: I always try to see the good in people.) bien, bondad, lado bueno

    3. interjection
    (an expression of approval, gladness etc.) bueno, bien

    4. interjection
    ((also my goodness) an expression of surprise etc.) ¡Dios mío!
    - goody
    - goodbye
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good-for-nothing
    - good humour
    - good-humoured
    - good-humouredly
    - good-looking
    - good morning
    - good afternoon
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good night
    - good-natured
    - goodwill
    - good will
    - good works
    - as good as
    - be as good as one's word
    - be up to no good
    - deliver the goods
    - for good
    - for goodness' sake
    - good for
    - good for you
    - him
    - Good Friday
    - good gracious
    - good heavens
    - goodness gracious
    - goodness me
    - good old
    - make good
    - no good
    - put in a good word for
    - take something in good part
    - take in good part
    - thank goodness
    - to the good
    good1 adj
    1. bueno
    2. bueno / amable
    he's been very good to me ha sido muy amable conmigo / se ha portado muy bien conmigo
    good for you! ¡bien hecho!
    to be good at something tener facilidad para algo / ser bueno en algo
    El comparativo de good es better; el superlativo es best
    good2 n bien
    what's the good of shouting if nobody can hear you? ¿de qué sirve gritar si nadie te oye?
    tr[gʊd]
    adjective (comp better, superl best)
    1 bueno,-a (before m sing noun) buen
    2 (healthy) sano,-a
    3 (beneficial) bueno,-a
    4 (kind) amable
    5 (well-behaved) bueno,-a
    ■ be good! ¡sé bueno!
    6 (useful) servible
    1 muy
    1 ¡bien!
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (in shop) género m sing, artículos nombre masculino plural
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (merchandise) mercancías nombre femenino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    a good deal bastante
    all in good time todo a su debido tiempo
    as good as como si, prácticamente, casi
    for good para siempre
    for the good of en bien de
    good afternoon buenas tardes
    good evening buenas tardes
    Good Friday Viernes Santo
    good heavens!, good grief! ¡cielo santo!
    good morning buenos días
    good night buenas noches
    it's a good job menos mal
    that's a good one! (joke) ¡ésta sí que es buena!
    to be as good as new estar como nuevo,-a
    to be as good as gold ser un ángel
    to be good at tener aptitudes para
    to be good for a laugh familiar ser muy divertido,-a, ser muy cachondo,-a
    ■ he's good for nothing no sirve para nada, es un inútil
    to be up to no good estar tramando algo
    to deliver the goods (literally) repartir las mercancías 2 (fig) cumplir sus compromisos
    to do good hacer bien
    to feel good sentirse bien
    to have a good time pasarlo bien
    to look good (person) tener buen aspecto 2 (food) tener buena pinta
    to make good (be successful) tener éxito, salir bien 2 (reform) reformarse 3 (compensate) indemnizar
    what's the good of «+ ger»? ¿de qué sirve + inf?
    ■ what's the good of denying it? ¿de qué sirve negarlo?
    goods train tren nombre masculino de mercancías
    goods wagon furgón nombre masculino, vagón nombre masculino de mercancías
    goods yard estación nombre femenino de mercancías
    good ['gʊd] adv
    a good strong rope: una cuerda bien fuerte
    2) well: bien
    good adj, better ['bɛt̬ər] ; best ['bɛst]
    1) pleasant: bueno, agradable
    good news: buenas noticias
    to have a good time: divertirse
    2) beneficial: bueno, beneficioso
    good for a cold: beneficioso para los resfriados
    it's good for you: es bueno para uno
    3) full: completo, entero
    a good hour: una hora entera
    4) considerable: bueno, bastante
    a good many people: muchísima gente, un buen número de gente
    5) attractive, desirable: bueno, bien
    a good salary: un buen sueldo
    to look good: quedar bien
    6) kind, virtuous: bueno, amable
    she's a good person: es buena gente
    that's good of you!: ¡qué amable!
    good deeds: buenas obras
    7) skilled: bueno, hábil
    to be good at: tener facilidad para
    8) sound: bueno, sensato
    good advice: buenos consejos
    9) (in greetings) : bueno
    good morning: buenos días
    good afternoon (evening): buenas tardes
    good night: buenas noches
    good n
    1) right: bien m
    to do good: hacer el bien
    2) goodness: bondad f
    3) benefit: bien m, provecho m
    it's for your own good: es por tu propio bien
    4) goods npl
    property: efectos mpl personales, posesiones fpl
    5) goods npl
    wares: mercancía f, mercadería f, artículos mpl
    6)
    for good : para siempre
    adj.
    • bueno, -a adj.
    n.
    • bien s.m.
    • provecho s.m.

    I gʊd
    1) adjective (comp better; superl best) [The usual translation, bueno, becomes buen when it is used before a masculine singular noun]
    2) <food/quality/book> bueno

    it smells good — huele bien, tiene rico or buen olor (AmL)

    to make good something: they undertook to make good the damage to the car se comprometieron a hacerse cargo de la reparación del coche; our losses were made good by the company la compañía nos compensó las pérdidas; to make good one's escape — lograr huir

    3) ( creditable) <work/progress/results> bueno
    4) (opportune, favorable) <moment/day/opportunity> bueno

    is this a good time to phone? — ¿es buena hora para llamar?

    it's a good job nobody was listening — (colloq) menos mal que nadie estaba escuchando

    5) (advantageous, useful) <deal/offer/advice> bueno

    burn it; that's all it's good for — quémalo, no sirve para otra cosa

    it's a good idea to let them know in advance — convendría or no sería mala idea avisarles de antemano

    good idea!, good thinking! — buena idea!

    6) ( pleasant) bueno

    to be in a good mood — estar* de buen humor

    did you have a good flight? — ¿qué tal el vuelo?

    7) (healthy, wholesome) <diet/habit/exercise> bueno

    I'm not feeling too good — (colloq) no me siento or no me encuentro muy bien

    9)

    good morning — buenos días, buen día (RPl)

    good! now to the next question — bien, pasemos ahora a la siguiente pregunta

    good grief/gracious! — por favor!

    very good, sir/madam — (frml) lo que mande el señor/la señora (frml)

    c) ( for emphasis) (colloq)
    d)

    as good as: it's as good as new está como nuevo; he as good as admitted it — prácticamente lo admitió

    10) (skilled, competent) bueno

    to be good AT something/-ING: to be good at languages tener* facilidad para los idiomas; he's good at ironing plancha muy bien; he is good with dogs/children tiene buena mano con or sabe cómo tratar a los perros/los niños; she is good with her hands — es muy habilidosa or mañosa

    11) (devoted, committed) bueno

    a good Catholic/socialist — un buen católico/socialista

    12)
    a) (virtuous, upright) bueno
    b) ( well-behaved) bueno

    be good — sé bueno, pórtate bien

    13) ( kind) bueno

    to be good TO somebody: she was very good to me fue muy amable conmigo, se portó muy bien conmigo; it was very good of you to come muchas gracias por venir; good old Pete — el bueno de Pete

    14) (decent, acceptable) bueno

    to have a good reputation — tener* buena reputación

    15) ( sound) <customer/payer> bueno
    16) ( valid) <argument/excuse> bueno

    it's simply not good enough! — esto no puede ser!, esto es intolerable!

    17) (substantial, considerable) <meal/salary/distance> bueno

    there were a good many people there — había bastante gente or un buen número de personas allí

    19) (thorough, intense) <rest/scolding> bueno

    II
    1)
    a) u ( moral right) bien m

    to do good — hacer* el bien

    to be up to no good — (colloq) estar* tramando algo, traerse* algo entre manos

    b) ( people)

    the good — (+ pl vb) los buenos

    2) u
    a) ( benefit) bien m

    for the good of somebody/something — por el bien de algn/algo

    to do somebody/something good — hacerle* bien a algn/algo

    lying won't do you any good at all — mentir no te llevará a ninguna parte, no ganarás or no sacarás nada con mentir

    b) ( use)

    are you any good at drawing? — ¿sabes dibujar?

    3) goods pl
    a) ( merchandise) artículos mpl, mercancías fpl, mercaderías fpl (AmS)

    manufactured goods — productos mpl manufacturados, manufacturas fpl

    to come up with o deliver the goods — (colloq) cumplir con lo prometido; (before n) <train, wagon> (BrE) de carga; < depot> de mercancías, de mercaderías (AmS)

    b) ( property) (frml) bienes mpl

    III

    it's been a good long while since... — ha pasado su buen tiempo desde...

    you messed that up good and proper, didn't you? — (BrE colloq) metiste bien la pata, ¿no? (fam)

    2) (AmE colloq) (well, thoroughly) bien
    [ɡʊd]
    1. ADJECTIVE
    (compar better) (superl best) When good is part of a set combination, eg in a good temper, a good deal of, good heavens, look up the noun. The commonest translation of good is bueno, which must be shortened to buen before a masculine singular noun.
    1) (=satisfactory)

    at the end of the day, it's a good investment — a fin de cuentas es una buena inversión

    Note that [bueno]/[buena] {etc} precede the noun in general comments where there is no attempt to compare or rank the person or thing involved:

    if he set his mind to it, he could be a very good painter — si se lo propusiera podría ser muy buen pintor

    [Bueno]/[buena] {etc} follow the noun when there is implied or explicit comparison:

    I'm not saying it's a good thing or a bad thing — no digo que sea una cosa buena, ni mala

    Use [ser] rather than [estar] with [bueno] when translating [to be good], unless describing food: Use [estar] with the adverb [bien] to give a general comment on a situation:

    you've written a book, which is good — has escrito un libro, lo que está bien

    his hearing is good — del oído está bien, el oído lo tiene bien

    b)

    • she's good at maths — se le dan bien las matemáticas, es buena en matemáticas

    • that's good enough for me — eso me basta

    it's just not good enough! — ¡esto no se puede consentir!

    40% of candidates are not good enough to pass — el 40% de los candidatos no dan el nivel or la talla para aprobar

    • to feel good — sentirse bien

    I don't feel very good about that * — (=I'm rather ashamed) me da bastante vergüenza

    • we've never had it so good! * — ¡nunca nos ha ido tan bien!, ¡jamás lo hemos tenido tan fácil!

    • how good is her eyesight? — ¿qué tal está de la vista?

    • you're looking good — ¡qué guapa estás!

    things are looking good — las cosas van bien, la cosa tiene buena pinta *

    • you can have too much of a good thing — lo mucho cansa (y lo poco agrada)

    • it's too good to be true — no puede ser, es demasiado bueno para ser cierto

    he sounds too good to be true! — ¡algún defecto tiene que tener!

    • she's good with cats — entiende bien a los gatos, sabe manejarse bien con los gatos

    good 2., manner 4), a), mood II, 1., time 1., 5)
    2) (=of high quality)
    3) (=pleasant) [holiday, day] bueno, agradable; [weather, news] bueno

    • it was as good as a holiday — aquello fue como unas vacaciones

    • have a good journey! — ¡buen viaje!

    • how good it is to know that...! — ¡cuánto me alegro de saber que...!

    • it's good to see you — me alegro de verte, gusto en verte (LAm)

    • have a good trip! — ¡buen viaje!

    alive, life 1., 3)
    4) (=beneficial, wholesome) [food] bueno, sano; [air] puro, sano

    • it's good for burns — es bueno para las quemaduras

    it's good for you or your health — te hace bien

    all this excitement isn't good for me! — ¡a mí todas estas emociones no me vienen or sientan nada bien!

    it's good for the soul! — hum ¡ennoblece el espíritu!, ¡te enriquece (como persona)!

    5) (=favourable) [moment, chance] bueno

    • it's a good chance to sort things out — es una buena oportunidad de or para arreglar las cosas

    • I tried to find something good to say about him — traté de encontrar algo bueno que decir de él

    • it would be a good thing or idea to ask him — no estaría mal or no sería mala idea preguntárselo

    • this is as good a time as any to do it — es tan buen momento como cualquier otro para hacerlo

    6) (=useful)

    the only good chair — la única silla que está bien, la única silla servible or sana

    • to be good for (doing) sth — servir para (hacer) algo

    he's good for nothing — es un inútil, es completamente inútil

    7) (=sound, valid) [excuse] bueno

    • unless you have a good excuse — a menos que tengas una buena excusa

    • for no good reason — sin motivo alguno

    • he is a good risk — (financially) concederle crédito es un riesgo asumible, se le puede prestar dinero

    word 1., 1)
    8) (=kind)

    • that's very good of you — es usted muy amable, ¡qué amable (de su parte)!

    • he was so good as to come with me — tuvo la amabilidad de acompañarme

    please would you be so good as to help me down with my case? — ¿me hace el favor de bajarme la maleta?, ¿tendría la bondad de bajarme la maleta? more frm

    would you be so good as to sign here? — ¿me hace el favor de firmar aquí?

    • he's a good sort — es buena persona or gente

    • he was good to me — fue muy bueno or amable conmigo, se portó bien conmigo

    nature 1., 2)
    9) (=well-behaved) [child] bueno

    be good! — (morally) ¡sé bueno!; (in behaviour) ¡pórtate bien!; (at this moment) ¡estáte formal!

    - be as good as gold
    10) (=upright, virtuous) bueno

    he's a good man — es una buena persona, es un buen hombre

    • I think I'm as good as him — yo me considero tan buena persona como él

    • yes, my good man — sí, mi querido amigo

    • send us a photo of your good self — frm tenga a bien enviarnos una foto suya

    • she's too good for him — ella es más de lo que él se merece

    lady 1., 5)
    11) (=close) bueno

    • he's a good friend of mine — es un buen amigo mío

    my good friend Fernando — mi buen or querido amigo Fernando

    12) (=middle-class, respectable)

    • to live at a good address — vivir en una buena zona or en un buen barrio

    • he's got no money but he's of good family — no tiene dinero pero es or viene de buena familia

    13) (=creditable)
    14) (=considerable) [supply, number] bueno

    we were kept waiting for a good hour/thirty minutes — nos tuvieron esperando una hora/media hora larga, nos tuvieron esperando por lo menos una hora/media hora

    a good £10 — lo menos 10 libras

    • a good many or few people — bastante gente

    15) (=thorough) [scolding] bueno

    • to have a good cry — llorar a lágrima viva, llorar a moco tendido *

    • to have a good laugh — reírse mucho

    • to take a good look (at sth) — mirar bien (algo)

    • to have a good wash — lavarse bien

    16)

    • good morning — buenos días

    • good afternoon/ evening — buenas tardes

    • good day — † (=hello) ¡buenos días!; (=goodbye) ¡hasta mañana!

    • good night — buenas noches

    • with every good wish, with all good wishes — (in letter) saludos, un fuerte abrazo

    good! — ¡muy bien!

    (that's) good! — ¡qué bien!, ¡qué bueno! (LAm)

    very good, sir — sí, señor

    • good for you! — ¡bien hecho!; (=congratulations) ¡enhorabuena!

    • good one! — (=well done, well said) ¡muy bien!, ¡sí señor!

    old 1., 5) as good as

    as good as saying... — tanto como decir...

    to come good good and... to hold good valer ( for para) it's a good job

    (it's a) good job he came! * — ¡menos mal que ha venido!

    make 1., 3), riddance, thing 2)
    2. ADVERB

    a good long walk — un paseo bien largo, un buen paseo

    - give as good as one gets
    good and proper

    they were cheated good and proper * — les timaron bien timados *, les timaron con todas las de la ley *

    2) (esp US) * (=well) bien

    "how are you?" - "thanks, I'm good" — -¿cómo estás? -muy bien, gracias

    3. NOUN
    1) (=virtuousness) el bien

    • to do good — hacer (el) bien

    • good and evil — el bien y el mal

    • he is a power for good — su influencia es muy buena or beneficiosa, hace mucho bien

    • for good or ill — para bien o para mal

    • there's some good in him — tiene algo bueno

    • to be up to no good * — estar tramando algo

    2) (=advantage, benefit) bien m

    • a rest will do you some good — un descanso te sentará bien

    a (fat) lot of good that will do you! * — iro ¡menudo provecho te va a traer!

    much good may it do you! — ¡no creo que te sirva de mucho!, ¡para lo que te va a servir!

    • for your own good — por tu propio bien

    • to be in good with sb — estar a bien con algn

    • that's all to the good! — ¡menos mal!

    • what good will that do you? — ¿y eso de qué te va a servir?

    what's the good of worrying? — ¿de qué sirve or para qué preocuparse?

    3) (=people of virtue)
    the good los buenos any good

    is he any good? — [worker, singer etc] ¿qué tal lo hace?, ¿lo hace bien?

    is this any good? — ¿sirve esto?

    is she any good at cooking? — ¿qué tal cocina?, ¿cocina bien?

    for good (and all) (=for ever) para siempre no good

    it's no good — (=no use) no sirve

    it's no good, I'll never get it finished in time — así no hay manera, nunca lo terminaré a tiempo

    it's no good worrying — de nada sirve or vale preocuparse, no se saca nada preocupándose

    4.
    COMPOUNDS

    the Good Book N — (Rel) la Biblia

    good deeds NPL — = good works

    Good Friday N — (Rel) Viernes m Santo

    good guy N — (Cine) bueno m

    good looks NPL — atractivo msing físico

    * * *

    I [gʊd]
    1) adjective (comp better; superl best) [The usual translation, bueno, becomes buen when it is used before a masculine singular noun]
    2) <food/quality/book> bueno

    it smells good — huele bien, tiene rico or buen olor (AmL)

    to make good something: they undertook to make good the damage to the car se comprometieron a hacerse cargo de la reparación del coche; our losses were made good by the company la compañía nos compensó las pérdidas; to make good one's escape — lograr huir

    3) ( creditable) <work/progress/results> bueno
    4) (opportune, favorable) <moment/day/opportunity> bueno

    is this a good time to phone? — ¿es buena hora para llamar?

    it's a good job nobody was listening — (colloq) menos mal que nadie estaba escuchando

    5) (advantageous, useful) <deal/offer/advice> bueno

    burn it; that's all it's good for — quémalo, no sirve para otra cosa

    it's a good idea to let them know in advance — convendría or no sería mala idea avisarles de antemano

    good idea!, good thinking! — buena idea!

    6) ( pleasant) bueno

    to be in a good mood — estar* de buen humor

    did you have a good flight? — ¿qué tal el vuelo?

    7) (healthy, wholesome) <diet/habit/exercise> bueno

    I'm not feeling too good — (colloq) no me siento or no me encuentro muy bien

    9)

    good morning — buenos días, buen día (RPl)

    good! now to the next question — bien, pasemos ahora a la siguiente pregunta

    good grief/gracious! — por favor!

    very good, sir/madam — (frml) lo que mande el señor/la señora (frml)

    c) ( for emphasis) (colloq)
    d)

    as good as: it's as good as new está como nuevo; he as good as admitted it — prácticamente lo admitió

    10) (skilled, competent) bueno

    to be good AT something/-ING: to be good at languages tener* facilidad para los idiomas; he's good at ironing plancha muy bien; he is good with dogs/children tiene buena mano con or sabe cómo tratar a los perros/los niños; she is good with her hands — es muy habilidosa or mañosa

    11) (devoted, committed) bueno

    a good Catholic/socialist — un buen católico/socialista

    12)
    a) (virtuous, upright) bueno
    b) ( well-behaved) bueno

    be good — sé bueno, pórtate bien

    13) ( kind) bueno

    to be good TO somebody: she was very good to me fue muy amable conmigo, se portó muy bien conmigo; it was very good of you to come muchas gracias por venir; good old Pete — el bueno de Pete

    14) (decent, acceptable) bueno

    to have a good reputation — tener* buena reputación

    15) ( sound) <customer/payer> bueno
    16) ( valid) <argument/excuse> bueno

    it's simply not good enough! — esto no puede ser!, esto es intolerable!

    17) (substantial, considerable) <meal/salary/distance> bueno

    there were a good many people there — había bastante gente or un buen número de personas allí

    19) (thorough, intense) <rest/scolding> bueno

    II
    1)
    a) u ( moral right) bien m

    to do good — hacer* el bien

    to be up to no good — (colloq) estar* tramando algo, traerse* algo entre manos

    b) ( people)

    the good — (+ pl vb) los buenos

    2) u
    a) ( benefit) bien m

    for the good of somebody/something — por el bien de algn/algo

    to do somebody/something good — hacerle* bien a algn/algo

    lying won't do you any good at all — mentir no te llevará a ninguna parte, no ganarás or no sacarás nada con mentir

    b) ( use)

    are you any good at drawing? — ¿sabes dibujar?

    3) goods pl
    a) ( merchandise) artículos mpl, mercancías fpl, mercaderías fpl (AmS)

    manufactured goods — productos mpl manufacturados, manufacturas fpl

    to come up with o deliver the goods — (colloq) cumplir con lo prometido; (before n) <train, wagon> (BrE) de carga; < depot> de mercancías, de mercaderías (AmS)

    b) ( property) (frml) bienes mpl

    III

    it's been a good long while since... — ha pasado su buen tiempo desde...

    you messed that up good and proper, didn't you? — (BrE colloq) metiste bien la pata, ¿no? (fam)

    2) (AmE colloq) (well, thoroughly) bien

    English-spanish dictionary > good

  • 4 in

    [ɪn] prep
    1) ( enclosed in) in +dat;
    the butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im Kühlschrank;
    they live \in a cottage sie wohnen in einer Hütte;
    to be \in bed im Bett sein;
    to ride \in a car [im] Auto fahren;
    he likes swimming \in lakes er schwimmt gerne in Seen;
    it was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogen;
    to lie \in the sun in der Sonne baden [o liegen];
    to find information \in the internet Informationen im Internet finden;
    she has over $100,000 \in a savings account sie hat über $100.000 auf einem Sparkonto;
    I've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rücken;
    \in sb's head in jds Kopf;
    I never know what's going on \in her head ich weiß nie, was in ihrem Kopf vorgeht;
    to be \in hospital im Krankenhaus sein;
    to be \in and out of sth immer wieder in etw dat sein;
    she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im Krankenhaus
    2) ( surrounded by) in +dat;
    there are several gangs \in my neighbourhood in meiner Umgebung gab es mehrere Gangs;
    down below \in the valley unten im Tal;
    I got stuck \in a traffic jam ich bin in einen Stau gekommen;
    to stand \in the road auf der Straße sehen;
    the ducks swam \in the pond die Enten schwammen im Teich;
    I live \in New York ich lebe in New York;
    to look at oneself \in the mirror sich akk im Spiegel betrachten;
    \in the middle of sth in der Mitte von etw dat
    3) ( visible through) in +dat;
    \in the window im Fenster;
    the lady stood \in the doorway die Frau stand im Eingang
    4) after vb ( into) in +dat;
    to get \in the car ins Auto steigen;
    I just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getan;
    they decided to invest their savings \in stocks sie entschieden sich dazu, ihre Ersparnisse in Aktien anzulegen;
    to invest \in the future in die Zukunft investieren
    5) (Am) (at) auf +dat;
    is Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?;
    Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem College
    6) ( as part of) in +dat;
    who's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?;
    he was singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Band;
    over 20 horses were \in the race an dem Rennen nahmen 20 Pferde teil;
    he looked for her face \in the crowd er suchte ihre Gesicht in der Menge;
    these themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor;
    what do you look for \in a relationship? was erwartest du in einer Beziehung?;
    you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich
    \in sth in etw dat;
    she works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlag;
    they enlisted \in the army for two years sie verpflichteten sich für zwei Jahre als Soldaten;
    a degree \in sth ein Abschluss in etw dat;
    \in search of sb/ sth auf der Suche nach jdm/etw
    8) ( dressed) in +dat;
    the man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzug;
    you look nice \in green grün steht dir;
    \in the nude nackt;
    to sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbaden
    9) ( expressed as) oil paint, watercolour mit +dat;
    cheques should be written \in ink Schecks sollten mit Tinte ausgefüllt werden; French, English auf +dat;
    they spoke \in Russian the whole time sie sprachen die ganze Zeit auf Russisch;
    can you give me that offer \in writing? können Sie mir dieses Angebot schriftlich geben?;
    \in a small voice mit leiser Stimme;
    \in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeit;
    to tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen;
    to pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlen;
    to write \in short simple sentences in kurzen einfachen Sätzen schreiben;
    to swear \in an oath einen Eid schwören;
    she told me \in a promise that she would wait for me sie hat mir versprochen, auf mich zu warten;
    to say sth \in a nutshell etw in aller Kürze sagen;
    \in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss;
    he always talks \in a whisper er spricht immer sehr leise;
    to speak to sb \in a normal tone of voice sich akk mit jdm normal unterhalten;
    to listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hören;
    Mozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll;
    \in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit;
    \in the form of sth in Form von dat;
    \in the form of a request in Form einer Anfrage
    10) ( during) am +dat, in +dat;
    \in the morning/ evening am Morgen/Abend;
    did you hear the thunder \in the night? hast du heute Nacht den Donner gehört?;
    \in the autumn/ spring im Herbst/Frühling;
    we're going to Italy \in April wir fahren im April nach Italien;
    \in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern;
    they met \in 1885 sie trafen sich 1885;
    she hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehört;
    I haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemacht;
    to be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel sein;
    \in the aftermath of the earthquake in der Zeit nach dem Erdbeben
    11) ( at later time) in +dat;
    dinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertig;
    \in the end am Ende, schließlich
    12) ( no later than) in +dat;
    \in two weeks;
    we need that contract signed \in two days der Vertrag muss in zwei Tagen unterzeichnet sein;
    they completed the journey \in record time sie haben die Reise in einer Rekordzeit beendet
    13) ( at distance of) nach +dat;
    the house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen
    14) (expressing state, condition) in +dat;
    \in anger im Zorn;
    \in horror voller Entsetzen;
    to live \in luxury im Luxus leben;
    \in the secret im Geheimen, heimlich;
    \in private vertraulich;
    she was \in stress at the moment sie war gerade im Stress;
    he left \in a hurry sie ging in aller Eile davon;
    to be \in doubt zweifeln;
    to get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen;
    he cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzen;
    she was \in a good mood that day ihre Stimmung an diesem Tag war gut;
    he always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel;
    to be \in no doubt nicht an etw dat zweifeln;
    to fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verlieben;
    to come \in question in Frage gestellt werden;
    \in a state of sth in einem Zustand von etw dat;
    \in a state of panic in Panik;
    everything is \in a state of chaos alles ist in einem chaotischen Zustand;
    \in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung
    \in exchange als Ersatz, dafür;
    \in response to als Antwort auf +akk;
    \in reply [or answer] to als Reaktion [o Antwort] auf +akk;
    \in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job;
    \in doing so dabei, damit;
    \in that... ( form) insofern als;
    I was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte
    16) ( arranged as) in +dat;
    then we sat down \in a circle wir setzten uns in einem Kreis hin;
    get together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!;
    sometimes customers buy books \in twos manchmal kaufen Kunden Bücher doppelt;
    slice the potatoes \in two beforehand! schneiden Sie die Kartoffel vorher einmal durch!;
    to die \in their thousands zu Tausenden sterben;
    he ripped up the note \in pieces er zerriss den Notizzettel in kleine Fetzen;
    \in total insgesamt
    17) ( comparing amounts) pro +dat;
    six pence \in the pound sechs Pennys pro Pfund;
    one \in ten people jeder zehnte;
    she has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu drei;
    there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied
    he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichts;
    to be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen;
    he's about six foot \in height er ist ca. zwei Meter groß;
    dark \in colour dunkelfarbig;
    difference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied m;
    it's not \in his nature es liegt nicht in seiner Natur;
    \in every respect in jeder Hinsicht;
    \in sb mit jdm;
    \in Kim, he's got a very good friend as well as a lover mit Kim hat er eine sehr gute Freundin und Liebhaberin;
    it isn't \in sb to do sth jd ist nicht zu etw dat in der Lage;
    it's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügen;
    to not have it \in one to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun
    19) ( approximately) in +dat;
    to be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein;
    temperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen bewegen sich um 25 Grad
    to assist a doctor \in an operation einem Arzt bei einer Operation assistieren;
    the whole family shared \in his success die ganze Familie nahm Anteil an seinem Erfolg;
    don't interfere \in my business unasked! mische dich nicht ungefragt in meine Angelegenheiten ein!;
    she's interested \in photography sie interessiert sich für Fotografie after n
    we have confidence \in you wir vertrauen dir;
    she had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidung;
    a change \in sth eine Änderung in etw dat;
    she underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändert
    \in sth anstatt etw +dat;
    he came to the party \in his friend's place er kam anstatt seinem Freund auf die Party;
    \in God's/ heaven's name um Gottes/Himmels willen;
    \in lieu of sth anstelle von, anstatt
    PHRASES:
    to put one's foot \in one's mouth [or it] ins Fettnäpfchen treten;
    to follow \in sb's footsteps in jds Fußstapfen treten;
    \in hell ( fam) überhaupt;
    \in line übereinstimmend;
    they tried to keep their children \in line sie versuchten, die Kinder bei der Stange zu halten;
    to put sb \in their place jdn in seine Schranken weisen;
    to leave sth \in one's wake etw zur Folge haben;
    \in stereo gleichzeitig;
    \in all insgesamt;
    there were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt;
    all \in all alles in allem;
    all \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen war es ein gutes Jahr adv
    1) ( into sth and hither) herein;
    come \in! herein!;
    the sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hinein
    2) ( there) da;
    ( at home) zu Hause;
    is David \in? ist David da?;
    to have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringen
    to be due \in fällig sein;
    the train is due \in any moment now der Zug müsste jetzt jeden Moment [an]kommen;
    ( towards land) landeinwärts;
    the tide comes \in very quickly here die Flut kommt hier sehr rasch herein;
    we stood on the harbour for a while watching the ship come \in wir standen eine Zeitlang am Hafen und beobachteten das einlaufende Schiff
    4) ( inside) nach innen;
    could you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche 'reinholen?;
    I didn't hear you come \in ich habe dich nicht [ins Haus] kommen hören;
    the farmer brought the harvest \in der Bauer brachte die Ernte ein;
    the roof of their house caved \in das Dach ihres Hauses fiel in sich zusammen
    5) ( submitted)
    to get [or hand] sth \in etw abgeben [o einreichen];
    when does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?
    the ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!;
    to be \in player am Ball sein
    7) ( take part)
    to go \in for sth an etw dat teilnehmen;
    I never went \in for collecting stamps mit Briefmarken sammeln habe ich mich nie abgegeben
    PHRASES:
    day \in, day out tagein, tagaus;
    \in between dazwischen;
    to be \in for sth sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen müssen;
    to be \in for it sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen können;
    to be \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen;
    to be \in with sb mit jdm zusammen sein;
    to get \in with sb sich akk bei jdm lieb Kind machen ( fam)
    to let sb \in on sth jdm etw verraten adj
    1) ( leading in) einwärts;
    the door \in opens inwards die Tür hinein geht nach innen auf;
    \in basket Behälter m für eingehende Postsendungen
    2) ( in fashion) in;
    to be \in in [o ( fam) hipp] sein;
    to be the \in place to dance/ dine als Tanzlokal/Restaurant in sein ( fam)
    he's \in with the boss at the moment zurzeit ist er beim Chef gut angeschrieben;
    she just says those things to get \in with the teacher die sagt so was doch bloß, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machen
    4) pred ( in season) reif;
    pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch! n
    ( connection) Kontakt[e] m[pl];
    he wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte
    PHRASES:
    the \ins and outs of sth jedes kleine Detail einer S. gen;
    to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen

    English-German students dictionary > in

  • 5 word

    word [wɜ:d]
    mot ⇒ 1 (a)-(c) parole ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d) nouvelles ⇒ 1 (c) message ⇒ 1 (c) promesse ⇒ 1 (d) conseil ⇒ 1 (e) bruit ⇒ 1 (f) ordre ⇒ 1 (g) rédiger ⇒ 2 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (gen → written) mot m; (→ spoken) mot m, parole f;
    ∎ the words of a song les paroles d'une chanson;
    ∎ ironic (what) fine words! quelles belles paroles!;
    ∎ what is the Russian word for "head"?, what is the word for "head" in Russian? comment dit-on "head" en russe?;
    ∎ the Japanese don't have a word for it les Japonais n'ont pas de mot pour dire cela;
    ∎ she can't put her ideas/her feelings into words elle ne trouve pas les mots pour exprimer ses idées/ce qu'elle ressent;
    ∎ I can't find (the) words to tell you how glad I am! je ne saurais vous dire à quel point je suis content!;
    ∎ there are no words to describe or words cannot describe how I feel aucun mot ne peut décrire ce que je ressens;
    ∎ they left without (saying) a word ils sont partis sans (dire) un mot;
    ∎ with these words they left sur ces mots ou là-dessus, ils sont partis;
    ∎ lazy isn't the word for it! paresseux, c'est peu dire!;
    ∎ idle would be a better word oisif serait plus juste;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't know the meaning of the word "generosity" il ne sait pas ce que veut dire le mot "générosité";
    ∎ he's mad, there's no other word for it il est fou, il n'y a pas d'autre mot;
    ∎ there's a word for people like you, it's "thief" les gens dans ton genre, on les appelle des voleurs;
    ∎ I didn't understand a word of the lecture je n'ai pas compris un mot de la conférence;
    ∎ he doesn't know a word of German il ne sait pas un mot d'allemand;
    ∎ I don't believe a word of it! je n'en crois pas un mot!;
    ∎ that's my last or my final word on the matter c'est mon dernier mot (sur la question);
    ∎ those were his dying words ce sont les dernières paroles qu'il a prononcées avant de mourir;
    ∎ she said a few words of welcome elle a dit quelques mots de bienvenue;
    ∎ I gave him a few words of advice je lui ai donné quelques conseils;
    ∎ I gave him a few words of encouragement je lui ai dit quelques mots d'encouragement;
    ∎ can I give you a word of warning/of advice? puis-je vous mettre en garde/vous conseiller?;
    ∎ he didn't say a word il n'a rien dit, il n'a pas dit un mot;
    ∎ I can't get a word out of her je ne peux pas en tirer un mot;
    ∎ and now a word from our sponsors et maintenant, voici un message publicitaire de nos sponsors;
    ∎ I'm a woman of few words je ne suis pas quelqu'un qui fait de grands discours;
    ∎ he's a man of few words c'est un homme peu loquace, c'est quelqu'un qui n'aime pas beaucoup parler;
    ∎ in the words of Shelley comme l'a dit Shelley;
    ∎ in the words of his boss, he's a layabout à en croire son patron ou d'après (ce que dit) son patron, c'est un fainéant;
    ∎ tell me in your own words dites-le moi à votre façon ou avec vos propres mots;
    ∎ he told me in so many words that I was a liar il m'a dit carrément ou sans mâcher ses mots que j'étais un menteur;
    ∎ she didn't say it in so many words but her meaning was quite clear elle n'a pas dit exactement cela, mais c'était sous-entendu;
    ∎ a six-hundred-word article un article de six cents mots;
    ∎ by or through word of mouth oralement;
    ∎ the news spread by word of mouth la nouvelle se répandit de bouche à oreille;
    ∎ too beautiful for words d'une beauté extraordinaire;
    ∎ too stupid for words vraiment trop bête;
    ∎ word for word (translate) littéralement, mot à mot; (repeat) mot pour mot;
    ∎ from the word go dès le départ;
    ∎ (upon) my word! ma parole!, oh la la!;
    ∎ not a word! pas un mot!, bouche cousue!;
    ∎ don't put words into my mouth ne me faites pas dire ce que je n'ai pas dit;
    ∎ he took the words out of my mouth il a dit exactement ce que j'allais dire;
    ∎ words fail me! j'en perds la parole!, je suis stupéfait!;
    ∎ he never has a good word to say about anyone personne ne trouve jamais grâce à ses yeux;
    ∎ to put in a (good) word for sb glisser un mot en faveur de qn;
    ∎ to have the last word avoir le dernier mot;
    ∎ British it's the last word in comfort c'est ce qui se fait de mieux en matière de confort;
    ∎ British it's the last word in luxury c'est ce qu'on fait de plus luxueux
    (b) (talk) mot(s) m(pl), parole(s) f(pl);
    ∎ to have a word with sb about sth toucher un mot ou deux mots à qn au sujet de qch;
    ∎ can I have a word with you about the meeting? est-ce que je peux vous dire deux mots à propos de la réunion?;
    ∎ can I have a word? je voudrais vous parler un instant
    (c) (UNCOUNT) (news) nouvelle(s) f(pl); (message) message m, mot m;
    ∎ the word got out that there had been a coup la nouvelle d'un coup d'État a circulé;
    ∎ word came from Tokyo that the strike was over la nouvelle arriva de Tokyo que la grève était terminée;
    ∎ she brought them word of Tom elle leur a apporté des nouvelles de Tom;
    ∎ have you had any word from him? avez-vous eu de ses nouvelles?;
    ∎ we have had no word from him nous sommes sans nouvelles de lui;
    ∎ she left word for us to follow elle nous a laissé un message pour dire que nous devions la suivre;
    ∎ to spread the word (proselytize) annoncer la bonne parole;
    ∎ spread the word that Mick's back in town faites passer la nouvelle ou faites dire que Mick est de retour en ville;
    ∎ he sent word to say he had arrived safely il a envoyé un mot pour dire qu'il était bien arrivé
    (d) (promise) parole f, promesse f;
    ∎ he gave his word that we wouldn't be harmed il a donné sa parole qu'il ne nous ferait aucun mal;
    ∎ I give you my word on it je vous en donne ma parole;
    ∎ she gave her solemn word elle a juré ou elle a promis solennellement;
    ∎ to break one's word manquer à sa parole;
    ∎ to go back on one's word revenir sur sa parole;
    ∎ we held or we kept her to her word nous l'avons obligée à tenir sa parole;
    ∎ to keep one's word tenir parole, tenir (sa) promesse;
    ∎ he was as good as his word il a tenu parole;
    ∎ she's a woman of her word c'est une femme de parole;
    ∎ I'm a man of my word je suis un homme de parole;
    ∎ word of honour! parole d'honneur!;
    ∎ we only have his word for it il n'y a que lui qui le dit, personne ne peut prouver le contraire;
    ∎ you can take my word for it vous pouvez me croire sur parole;
    ∎ we'll have to take your word for it nous sommes bien obligés de vous croire;
    ∎ take my word (for it), it's a bargain! croyez-moi, c'est une affaire!;
    ∎ I took her at her word je l'ai prise au mot;
    ∎ it's your word against mine c'est votre parole contre la mienne;
    ∎ my word is my bond je n'ai qu'une parole, je tiens toujours parole
    (e) (advice) conseil m;
    ∎ a word to travellers, watch your luggage! un petit conseil aux voyageurs, surveillez vos bagages!;
    ∎ a quick word in your ear je vous glisse un mot à l'oreille;
    ∎ a word to the wise à bon entendeur, salut
    (f) (rumour) bruit m;
    ∎ (the) word went round that he was dying le bruit a couru qu'il était sur le point de mourir
    (g) (order) ordre m;
    ∎ he gave the word to march il a donné l'ordre ou le signal de se mettre en marche;
    ∎ his word is law c'est lui qui fait la loi;
    ∎ just give or say the word and we'll be off vous n'avez qu'à donner le signal et nous partons
    (h) (watchword) mot m d'ordre; (password) mot m de passe;
    ∎ the word now is "democracy" le mot d'ordre maintenant, c'est "démocratie"
    (a) (letter, document) rédiger, formuler; (contract) rédiger;
    ∎ they worded the petition carefully ils ont choisi les termes de la pétition avec le plus grand soin;
    ∎ we sent a strongly worded protest nous avons envoyé une lettre de protestation bien sentie
    (b) Australian familiar (advise) conseiller□ ; (inform) informer□
    ∎ word (up)! (I agree) parfaitement!□ ; (it's true) sans dec!
    ∎ Religion the Word le Verbe;
    ∎ the Word of God la parole de Dieu
    British familiar (argument) dispute□ f;
    ∎ to have words se disputer□, avoir des mots;
    ∎ they had words about her drinking ils se sont disputés sur le fait qu'elle boit□
    en un mot
    autrement dit, en d'autres termes
    ►► word association association f d'idées par les mots;
    Linguistics word class classe f de mots;
    Computing word count nombre m des mots;
    ∎ to do a word count compter les mots;
    word count facility fonction f de comptage de mots;
    word game = jeu de lettres;
    word group groupe m de mots, membre m de phrase;
    word order ordre m des mots;
    word picture description f imagée ou pittoresque; (of person) portrait m en prose;
    word processing traitement m de texte;
    word processor logiciel m de traitement de texte;
    Typography word split coupure f de mot;
    Computing word wrap retour m à la ligne automatique

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > word

  • 6 so

    Ⅰ.
    so1 [səʊ]
    si ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) tellement ⇒ 1 (a) tant ⇒ 1 (a) aussi ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (e) ainsi ⇒ 1 (f) donc ⇒ 2 (a) alors ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (d)-(f) pour que ⇒ 2 (b), 4 de même ⇒ 2 (c) environ ⇒ 3 pour ⇒ 5
    (a) (to such an extent → before adjective or adverb) si, tellement; (→ with verb) tellement;
    ∎ it's so easy c'est si ou tellement facile;
    ∎ I'm so glad to see you ça me fait tellement plaisir ou je suis si content de te voir;
    ∎ he can be so irritating at times il est tellement énervant par moments;
    ∎ she makes me so angry elle a le don de me mettre en colère;
    ∎ I've never been so surprised in all my life jamais de ma vie je n'avais eu une surprise pareille ou une telle surprise;
    ∎ I have never seen so beautiful a sight je n'ai jamais rien vu d'aussi beau;
    ∎ she was so shocked (that) she couldn't speak elle était tellement choquée qu'elle ne pouvait pas parler;
    ∎ the problem was so complex (that) it baffled even the experts le problème était si ou tellement complexe que même les experts ne comprenaient pas;
    ∎ his handwriting's so bad (that) it's illegible il écrit si mal que c'est impossible à lire;
    ∎ he's so rich that he doesn't know what he's worth il est riche au point d'ignorer le montant de sa fortune;
    ∎ she so detests him or she detests him so that she won't even speak to him elle le hait au point de refuser ou elle le déteste tellement qu'elle refuse de lui parler;
    ∎ he was upset, so much so that he cried il était bouleversé, à tel point qu'il en a pleuré;
    ∎ would you be so kind as to carry my case? auriez-vous l'amabilité ou la gentillesse de porter ma valise?;
    ∎ is it so very hard to say you're sorry? est-ce si difficile de demander pardon?;
    ∎ you mustn't worry so il ne faut pas te faire du souci comme ça;
    ∎ I loved her so (much) je l'aimais tant;
    ∎ you do exaggerate so! tu exagères tellement!;
    ∎ we so enjoyed ourselves nous nous sommes tellement amusés;
    ∎ I wish he wouldn't go on so j'aimerais qu'il arrête de radoter
    ∎ I'm not so sure je n'en suis pas si sûr;
    ∎ it's not so bad, there's only a small stain ça n'est pas si grave que ça, il n'y a qu'une petite tache;
    ∎ the young and the not so young les jeunes et les moins jeunes;
    ∎ he's not so handsome as his father/as all that il n'est pas aussi beau que son père/si beau que ça;
    ∎ he was not so ill (that) he couldn't go out il n'était pas malade au point de ne pas pouvoir sortir;
    ∎ she wouldn't be so stupid as to do that elle ne serait pas bête au point de faire cela, elle ne serait pas assez bête pour faire cela
    (c) (indicating an unspecified size, amount)
    ∎ the table is about so high/wide la table est haute/large comme ça à peu près;
    ∎ a little girl so high une petite fille grande comme ça
    (d) (referring to previous statement, question, word etc)
    ∎ I believe/think/suppose so je crois/pense/suppose (que oui);
    ∎ I don't believe/think so je ne crois/pense pas;
    ∎ I don't suppose so je suppose que non;
    ∎ he's clever - do you think so? il est intelligent - vous trouvez?;
    ∎ I hope so (answering question) j'espère que oui; (agreeing) j'espère bien, je l'espère;
    ∎ I'm afraid so j'en ai bien peur, je le crains;
    ∎ who says so? qui dit ça?;
    ∎ I told you so! je vous l'avais bien dit!;
    ∎ if so si oui;
    ∎ how/why so? comment/pourquoi cela?;
    ∎ perhaps so peut-être bien;
    ∎ quite so tout à fait, exactement;
    ∎ so I believe/see c'est ce que je crois/vois;
    ∎ so I've been told/he said c'est ce qu'on m'a dit/qu'il a dit;
    ∎ is she really ill? - so it seems elle est donc vraiment malade? - à ce qu'il paraît;
    ∎ I'm not very organized - so I see! je ne suis pas très organisé - c'est ce que je vois!;
    ∎ is that so? vraiment?;
    ∎ that is so c'est vrai, c'est exact;
    ∎ if that is so si c'est le cas, s'il en est ainsi;
    ∎ that being so (as this is the case) puisqu'il en est ainsi; (should this prove the case) dans ces conditions;
    ∎ isn't that Jane over there? - why, so it is! ce ne serait pas Jane là-bas? - mais si (c'est elle)!;
    ∎ he was told to leave the room and did so immediately on lui a ordonné de quitter la pièce et il l'a fait immédiatement;
    ∎ she was furious and understandably/and justifiably so elle était furieuse et ça se comprend/et c'est normal;
    ∎ the same only more so tout autant sinon plus;
    ∎ he's very sorry - so he should be! il est désolé - c'est la moindre des choses ou j'espère bien!;
    ∎ he thinks he can do it - so he can il pense qu'il peut le faire - en effet il le peut;
    ∎ so help me God! que Dieu me vienne en aide!;
    ∎ archaic or humorous so be it! soit!, qu'il en soit ainsi!;
    ∎ familiar I can so! si, je peux!□ ;
    ∎ familiar I didn't say that! - you did so! je n'ai pas dit ça! - si, tu l'as dit!□
    (e) (likewise) aussi;
    ∎ I had brought food, and so had they j'avais apporté de quoi manger et eux aussi;
    ∎ we arrived early and so did he nous sommes arrivés tôt et lui aussi;
    ∎ if he can do it, then so can I s'il peut le faire, alors moi aussi;
    ∎ my shoes are Italian and so is my shirt mes chaussures sont italiennes et ma chemise aussi
    (f) (like this, in such a way) ainsi;
    ∎ hold the pen (like) so tenez le stylo ainsi ou comme ceci;
    ∎ any product so labelled is guaranteed lead-free tous les produits portant cette étiquette sont garantis sans plomb;
    ∎ the laptop computer is so called because… l'ordinateur lap-top tient son nom de…;
    ∎ the helmet is so constructed as to absorb most of the impact le casque est conçu de façon à amortir le choc;
    ∎ it (just) so happens that… il se trouve (justement) que… + indicative;
    ∎ she likes everything (to be) just so elle aime que tout soit parfait;
    ∎ it has to be positioned just so or it won't go in il faut le mettre comme ça sinon ça n'entre pas
    (a) (therefore) donc, alors;
    ∎ the door was open, so I went in la porte était ouverte, alors je suis entré;
    ∎ she has a bad temper, so be careful elle a mauvais caractère, donc faites attention
    (b) (indicating purpose) pour que + subjunctive, afin que + subjunctive;
    ∎ give me some money so I can buy some sweets donne-moi de l'argent pour que je puisse acheter des bonbons
    ∎ as 3 is to 6, so 6 is to 12 le rapport entre 6 et 12 est le même qu'entre 3 et 6;
    ∎ as he has lived so will he die il mourra comme il a vécu
    ∎ so then she left alors elle est partie;
    ∎ and so to bed! et maintenant au lit!;
    ∎ and so we come to the next question et maintenant nous en venons à la question suivante;
    ∎ so what's the problem? alors, qu'est-ce qui ne va pas?;
    ∎ so we can't go after all donc nous ne pouvons plus y aller;
    ∎ so, what do we do? eh bien, qu'est-ce qu'on fait?
    ∎ so you're Anna's brother! alors (comme ça) vous êtes le frère d'Anna?;
    ∎ so that's why she didn't phone! alors c'est pour ça qu'elle n'a pas téléphoné!;
    ∎ so there you are! vous voilà donc!;
    ∎ so publish it! eh bien ou alors allez-y, publiez-le!;
    ∎ esp American so long! au revoir!
    ∎ so I'm late, who cares? je suis en retard, et alors, qu'est-ce que ça peut faire?;
    ∎ so it costs a lot of money, we can afford it ça coûte cher, et alors? on peut se le permettre;
    ∎ so? et alors?, et après?;
    ∎ he'll be angry - so what? il va se fâcher! - qu'est-ce que ça peut (me) faire ou et alors?;
    ∎ so what if she does find out? qu'est-ce que ça peut faire si elle s'en rend compte?
    environ, à peu près;
    ∎ it costs £5 or so ça coûte environ 5 livres;
    ∎ there were thirty or so people il y avait trente personnes environ ou à peu près, il y avait une trentaine de personnes
    familiar pour que□ + subjunctive, afin que□ + subjunctive;
    ∎ give me some money so as I can buy some sweets donne-moi de l'argent pour que je puisse acheter des bonbons
    pour, afin de;
    ∎ she went to bed early so as not to be tired next day elle s'est couchée tôt afin de ou pour ne pas être fatiguée le lendemain
    (a) (in order that) pour que + subjunctive, afin que + subjunctive;
    ∎ they tied him up so that he couldn't escape ils l'ont attaché afin qu'il ou pour qu'il ne s'échappe pas;
    ∎ I took a taxi so that I wouldn't be late j'ai pris un taxi pour ou afin de ne pas être en retard
    (b) (with the result that) si bien que + indicative, de façon à ce que + subjunctive;
    ∎ she didn't eat enough, so that in the end she fell ill elle ne mangeait pas assez, de telle sorte ou si bien qu'elle a fini par tomber malade;
    ∎ the crates had fallen over so that we couldn't get past comme les caisses étaient tombées, nous n'avons pas pu passer
    pour ainsi dire
    Ⅱ.
    so2
    Music sol m inv

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > so

  • 7 sign

    1. noun
    1) (symbol, gesture, signal, mark) Zeichen, das
    2) (Astrol.)

    sign [of the zodiac] — [Tierkreis]zeichen, das; Sternzeichen, das

    what sign are you? — welches Tierkreiszeichen od. Sternzeichen bist du?

    3) (notice) Schild, das

    [direction] sign — Wegweiser, der

    [advertising] sign — Reklameschild, das; Reklame, die; (illuminated, flashing) Leuchtreklame, die

    danger sign — (lit. or fig.) Gefahrenzeichen, das

    4) (outside shop etc.) see academic.ru/67219/signboard">signboard
    5) (indication) Zeichen, das; (of future event) Anzeichen, das

    there is little/no/every sign of something/that... — wenig/nichts/alles deutet auf etwas (Akk.) hin od. deutet darauf hin, dass...

    show [no] signs of fatigue/strain/improvement — etc. [keine] Anzeichen der Müdigkeit / Anstrengung / Besserung usw. zeigen od. erkennen lassen

    the carpet showed little/ some sign[s] of wear — der Teppich wirkte kaum/etwas abgenutzt

    as a sign of — als Zeichen (+ Gen.)

    at the first or slightest sign of something — schon beim geringsten Anzeichen von etwas

    there was no sign of him/the car anywhere — er/der Wagen war nirgends zu sehen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (write one's name etc. on) unterschreiben; [Künstler, Autor:] signieren [Werk]
    2)

    sign one's name — [mit seinem Namen] unterschreiben

    sign oneself R. A. Smith — mit R. A. Smith unterschreiben

    3. intransitive verb
    (write one's name) unterschreiben

    sign for something — (acknowledge receipt of something) den Empfang einer Sache (Gen.) bestätigen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (a mark used to mean something; a symbol: is the sign for addition.) das Zeichen
    2) (a notice set up to give information (a shopkeeper's name, the direction of a town etc) to the public: road-sign.) das Schild
    3) (a movement (eg a nod, wave of the hand) used to mean or represent something: He made a sign to me to keep still.) das Zeichen
    4) (a piece of evidence suggesting that something is present or about to come: There were no signs of life at the house and he was afraid they were away; Clouds are often a sign of rain.) das Anzeichen
    2. verb
    1) (to write one's name (on): Sign at the bottom, please.) unterschreiben
    2) (to write (one's name) on a letter, document etc: He signed his name on the document.) unterschreiben
    3) (to make a movement of the head, hand etc in order to show one's meaning: She signed to me to say nothing.) bedeuten mit
    •
    - signboard
    - signpost
    - sign in/out
    - sign up
    * * *
    [saɪn]
    I. n
    1. (gesture) Zeichen nt
    to make the \sign of the cross sich akk bekreuzigen
    a rude \sign eine unverschämte Geste
    to give/make a \sign to sb jdm ein Zeichen geben/machen
    2. (notice) [Straßen-/Verkehrs]schild nt; (signboard) Schild nt; (for shop) Ladenschild nt
    danger \sign Gefahrenschild nt
    stop \sign Stoppschild nt
    3. (symbol) Zeichen nt, Symbol nt
    plus \sign Pluszeichen nt
    4. (polarity sign) Vorzeichen nt
    5. ASTROL (of the zodiac) Sternzeichen nt
    the \sign of Leo das Sternzeichen des Löwen
    6. (indication) [An]zeichen nt; (from God) Zeichen nt
    the children's restlessness is a \sign that they're getting bored die Unruhe der Kinder ist ein Zeichen dafür, dass ihnen langweilig wird; (trace) Spur f; of an animal Fährte f
    the search team could not find any \sign of the climbers die Suchmannschaft konnte keine Spur der Kletterer finden
    the least [or slightest] \sign of confidence das geringste Anzeichen von Vertrauen
    \sign of life Lebenszeichen nt
    a \sign of the times ein Zeichen nt der Zeit
    a sure \sign of sth ein sicheres Zeichen für etw akk
    to read the \signs die Zeichen erkennen
    to show \signs of improvement Anzeichen der Besserung erkennen lassen [o zeigen
    7. no pl (sign language) Gebärdensprache f
    8. (in maths) Zeichen nt
    II. vt
    1. (with signature)
    ▪ to \sign sth etw unterschreiben; contract, document etw unterzeichnen; book, painting etw signieren
    he \signed himself ‘Mark Taylor’ er unterschrieb mit ‚Mark Taylor‘
    \sign your name on the dotted line unterschreiben Sie auf der gestrichelten Linie
    to \sign a guest book sich akk ins Gästebuch eintragen
    to \sign a ceasefire einen Waffenstillstand unterzeichnen
    to \sign a cheque einen Scheck unterzeichnen
    to \sign a letter einen Brief unterschreiben [o form unterzeichnen]
    to \sign a register sich akk eintragen
    2. (employ under contract)
    ▪ to \sign sb athlete, musician jdn [vertraglich] verpflichten
    ▪ to \sign sb to do sth jdm ein Zeichen machen, etw zu tun
    he \signed the waiter to bring him another drink er machte dem Kellner ein Zeichen, ihm noch einen Drink zu bringen
    4. (in sign language)
    ▪ to \sign sth etw in der Gebärdensprache ausdrücken
    5.
    ▶ to \sign one's own death warrant ( fam) sein eigenes Todesurteil unterschreiben
    ▶ \signed, sealed and delivered unter Dach und Fach
    III. vi
    1. (write signature) unterschreiben
    \sign here, please unterschreiben Sie bitte hier
    ▪ to \sign for [or with] sb/sth athlete, musician sich akk für jdn/etw [vertraglich] verpflichten
    2. (accept)
    to \sign for a delivery eine Lieferung gegenzeichnen
    3. (use sign language) die Zeichensprache benutzen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ benützen
    4. (make motion) gestikulieren
    ▪ to \sign to sb jdm ein Zeichen geben
    5. COMPUT (log in) unterschreiben
    * * *
    [saɪn]
    1. n
    1) (with hand etc) Zeichen nt

    he nodded as a sign of recognition —

    he gave or made me a sign to stay — er gab mir durch ein Zeichen zu verstehen, ich solle bleiben

    2) (= indication MED) Anzeichen nt (of für, +gen); (= evidence) Zeichen nt (of von, +gen); (= trace) Spur f

    a sure/good/bad sign — ein sicheres/gutes/schlechtes Zeichen

    it's a sign of the times — es ist ein Zeichen unserer Zeit

    at the slightest/first sign of disagreement — beim geringsten/ersten Anzeichen von Uneinigkeit

    there is no sign of their agreeing — nichts deutet darauf hin, dass sie zustimmen werden

    he shows signs of doing it — es sieht so aus, als ob er es tun würde

    the rain showed no sign(s) of stopping — nichts deutete darauf hin, dass der Regen aufhören würde

    he gave no sign of having heard — er ließ nicht erkennen, ob er es gehört hatte

    there was no sign of him/the book anywhere — von ihm/von dem Buch war keine Spur zu sehen

    3) (= road sign, inn sign, shop sign) Schild nt
    4) (= written symbol) Zeichen nt; (= Math) Vorzeichen nt; (ASTRON, ASTROL) (Tierkreis)zeichen nt
    2. vt
    1)

    he signs himself J.G. Jones — er unterschreibt mit J. G. Jones

    2) letter, contract, cheque unterschreiben, unterzeichnen (form); picture, book signieren

    to sign the guest book — sich ins Gästebuch eintragen

    signed, sealed and delivered — unter Dach und Fach, fix und fertig (inf)

    3) football player etc unter Vertrag nehmen, einstellen
    4) (= use sign language in) programme, performance in die Gebärdensprache übersetzen
    3. vi
    1)

    (= signal) to sign to sb to do sth — jdm ein Zeichen geben, etw zu tun

    2) (with signature) unterschreiben

    Fellows has just signed for United — Fellows hat gerade bei United unterschrieben

    3) (= use sign language) die Gebärdensprache benutzen
    * * *
    sign [saın]
    A s
    1. a) Zeichen n, Symbol n (beide auch fig)
    b) auch sign of the cross REL Kreuzzeichen n:
    in ( oder as a) sign of zum Zeichen (gen)
    2. (Schrift)Zeichen n
    3. MATH, MUS (Vor)Zeichen n ( auch IT)
    4. Zeichen n, Wink m:
    give sb a sign, make a sign to sb jemandem ein Zeichen geben
    5. Zeichen n, Signal n
    6. Anzeichen n, Symptom n ( auch MED):
    signs of fatigue Ermüdungserscheinungen;
    a sign of illness ein Krankheitszeichen;
    give no sign of life kein Lebenszeichen von sich geben;
    show only faint signs of life nur schwache Lebenszeichen von sich geben;
    make no sign sich nicht rühren;
    the signs of the times die Zeichen der Zeit;
    there was not a sign of him von ihm war (noch) nichts zu sehen;
    all the signs are that … alles deutet darauf hin, dass …
    7. Kennzeichen n
    8. (Verkehrs- etc) Schild n, (-)Zeichen n
    9. ASTROL (Stern-, Tierkreis) Zeichen n: → zodiac
    10. besonders BIBEL (Wunder)Zeichen n:
    signs and wonders Zeichen und Wunder
    11. US Spur f ( auch JAGD)
    B v/t
    1. a) unterzeichnen, -schreiben, auch MAL, TYPO signieren:
    signed, sealed, and delivered (ordnungsgemäß) unterschrieben und ausgefertigt; → autograph A 1
    b) sich eintragen in (akk):
    sign the visitors’ book
    2. mit seinem Namen unterzeichnen
    3. sign away Eigentum etc übertragen, -schreiben, abtreten
    4. auch sign on ( oder up) (vertraglich) verpflichten, unter Vertrag nehmen (beide a. SPORT), anstellen, SCHIFF anheuern
    5. REL das Kreuzzeichen machen über (akk oder dat), segnen
    6. jemandem bedeuten ( to do zu tun), jemandem seine Zustimmung etc (durch Zeichen oder Gebärden) zu verstehen geben
    C v/i
    1. unterschreiben, -zeichnen:
    she brought him a letter to sign sie brachte ihm einen Brief zur Unterschrift;
    sign for den Empfang (gen) (durch seine Unterschrift) bestätigen; → dot2 B 1
    2. WIRTSCH zeichnen
    3. Zeichen geben, (zu)winken ( beide:
    to dat)
    4. sign on (off) RADIO, TV sein Programm beginnen (beenden):
    we sign off at 10 o’clock Sendeschluss ist um 22 Uhr
    a) sich (in eine Anwesenheitsliste etc) eintragen,
    b) einstempeln
    6. sign off umg
    a) (seine Rede) schließen,
    b) Schluss machen ( im Brief, a. allg),
    c) sich zurückziehen, aussteigen umg
    a) sich (aus einer Anwesenheitsliste etc) austragen,
    b) ausstempeln
    8. auch sign on ( oder up) sich (vertraglich) verpflichten ( for zu), (eine) Arbeit annehmen, SCHIFF anheuern, MIL sich verpflichten ( for auf 5 Jahre etc):
    the player signed on for two years der Spieler unterschrieb einen Zweijahresvertrag
    9. sign off on US umg einen Plan etc absegnen, genehmigen
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (symbol, gesture, signal, mark) Zeichen, das
    2) (Astrol.)

    sign [of the zodiac] — [Tierkreis]zeichen, das; Sternzeichen, das

    what sign are you? — welches Tierkreiszeichen od. Sternzeichen bist du?

    3) (notice) Schild, das

    [direction] sign — Wegweiser, der

    [advertising] sign — Reklameschild, das; Reklame, die; (illuminated, flashing) Leuchtreklame, die

    danger sign — (lit. or fig.) Gefahrenzeichen, das

    4) (outside shop etc.) see signboard
    5) (indication) Zeichen, das; (of future event) Anzeichen, das

    there is little/no/every sign of something/that... — wenig/nichts/alles deutet auf etwas (Akk.) hin od. deutet darauf hin, dass...

    show [no] signs of fatigue/strain/improvement — etc. [keine] Anzeichen der Müdigkeit / Anstrengung / Besserung usw. zeigen od. erkennen lassen

    the carpet showed little/ some sign[s] of wear — der Teppich wirkte kaum/etwas abgenutzt

    as a sign of — als Zeichen (+ Gen.)

    at the first or slightest sign of something — schon beim geringsten Anzeichen von etwas

    there was no sign of him/the car anywhere — er/der Wagen war nirgends zu sehen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (write one's name etc. on) unterschreiben; [Künstler, Autor:] signieren [Werk]
    2)

    sign one's name — [mit seinem Namen] unterschreiben

    sign oneself R. A. Smith — mit R. A. Smith unterschreiben

    3. intransitive verb
    (write one's name) unterschreiben

    sign for something — (acknowledge receipt of something) den Empfang einer Sache (Gen.) bestätigen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Hinweistafel f.
    Schild -er n.
    Signum -en (Mathematik) n.
    Symbol -e n.
    Vorzeichen n.
    Wert -e m.
    Zeichen - n. v.
    unterschreiben v.
    unterzeichnen v.

    English-german dictionary > sign

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